• How DAST scans an application
  • Crawling an application
  • Passive scans
  • Active scans
    • How active scans work
    • Known issues
• Getting started
  • Create a DAST CI/CD job
  • Authentication
  • Available CI/CD variables
• Managing scope
  • Types of scope
    • In scope
    • Out of scope
    • Excluded from scope
  • Scope works differently during authentication
  • How DAST blocks HTTP requests
  • How to configure scope
• Vulnerability check migration
  • Why browser-based scans produce different results to proxy-based scans
• Managing scan time
• Timeouts
• Troubleshooting

DAST browser-based analyzer

The DAST browser-based analyzer was built by GitLab to scan modern-day web applications for vulnerabilities. Scans run in a browser to optimize testing applications heavily dependent on JavaScript, such as single-page applications. See how DAST scans an application for more information.

To add the analyzer to your CI/CD pipeline, see getting started.

How DAST scans an application

A scan performs the following steps:

1. Authenticate, if configured.
2. Crawl the target application to discover the surface area of the application by performing user actions such as following links, clicking buttons, and filling out forms.
3. Passive scan to search for vulnerabilities in HTTP messages and pages discovered while crawling.
4. Active scan to search for vulnerabilities by injecting payloads into HTTP requests recorded during the crawl phase.

Crawling an application

A “navigation” is an action a user might take on a page, such as clicking buttons, clicking anchor links, opening menu items, or filling out forms. A “navigation path” is a sequence of navigation actions representing how a user might traverse an application. DAST discovers the surface area of an application by crawling pages and content and identifying navigation paths.

Crawling is initialized with a navigation path containing one navigation that loads the target application URL in a specially-instrumented Chromium browser. DAST then crawls navigation paths until all have been crawled.

To crawl a navigation path, DAST opens a browser window and instructs it to perform all the navigation actions in the navigation path. When the browser has finished loading the result of the final action, DAST inspects the page for actions a user might take, creates a new navigation for each found, and adds them to the navigation path to form new navigation paths. For example:

1. DAST processes navigation path LoadURL[https://example.com].
2. DAST finds two user actions, LeftClick[class=menu] and LeftClick[id=users].
3. DAST creates two new navigation paths, LoadURL[https://example.com] -> LeftClick[class=menu] and LoadURL[https://example.com] -> LeftClick[id=users].
4. Crawling begins on the two new navigation paths.

It’s common for an HTML element to exist in multiple places in an application, such as a menu visible on every page. Duplicate elements can cause crawlers to crawl the same pages again or become stuck in a loop. DAST uses an element uniqueness calculation based on HTML attributes to discard new navigation actions it has previously crawled.

Passive scans

Passive scans check for vulnerabilities in the pages discovered during the crawl phase of the scan. Passive scans are enabled by default.

The checks search HTTP messages, cookies, storage events, console events, and DOM for vulnerabilities. Examples of passive checks include searching for exposed credit cards, exposed secret tokens, missing content security policies, and redirection to untrusted locations.

See checks for more information about individual checks.

Active scans

Active scans check for vulnerabilities by injecting attack payloads into HTTP requests recorded during the crawl phase of the scan. Active scans are disabled by default due to the nature of their probing attacks.

How active scans work

DAST analyzes each recorded HTTP request for injection locations, such as query values, header values, cookie values, form posts, and JSON string values. Attack payloads are injected into the injection location, forming a new request. DAST sends the request to the target application and uses the HTTP response to determine attack success.

Active scans run two types of active check:

• A match response attack analyzes the response content to determine attack success. For example, if an attack attempts to read the system password file, a finding is created when the response body contains evidence of the password file.
• A timing attack uses the response time to determine attack success. For example, if an attack attempts to force the target application to sleep, a finding is created when the application takes longer to respond than the sleep time. Timing attacks are repeated multiple times with different attack payloads to minimize false positives.

A simplified timing attack works as follows:

1. The crawl phase records the HTTP request https://example.com?search=people.
2. DAST analyzes the URL and finds a URL parameter injection location https://example.com?search=[INJECT].
3. The active check defines a payload, sleep 10, that attempts to get a Linux host to sleep.
4. DAST send a new HTTP request to the target application with the injected payload https://example.com?search=sleep%2010.
5. The target application is vulnerable if it executes the query parameter value as a system command without validation, for example, system(params[:search])
6. DAST creates a finding if the response time takes longer than 10 seconds.

Known issues

Active scans do not use a browser to send HTTP requests in an effort to minimize scan time.

Anti-CSRF tokens are not regenerated for attacks that submit forms. Disable anti-CSRF tokens when running an active scan.

Getting started

To run a DAST scan:

• Read the prerequisite conditions for running a DAST scan.
• Create a DAST job in your CI/CD pipeline.
• Authenticate as a user if your application requires it.

Create a DAST CI/CD job

• This template was updated to DAST_VERSION: 2 in GitLab 14.0.
• This template was updated to DAST_VERSION: 3 in GitLab 15.0.

To add DAST scanning to your application, use the DAST job defined in the GitLab DAST CI/CD template file. Updates to the template are provided with GitLab upgrades, allowing you to benefit from any improvements and additions.

To create the CI/CD job:

1. Include the appropriate CI/CD template:

   • DAST.gitlab-ci.yml: Stable version of the DAST CI/CD template.
   • DAST.latest.gitlab-ci.yml: Latest version of the DAST template. (Introduced in GitLab 13.8).
   The latest version of the template may include breaking changes. Use the stable template unless you need a feature provided only in the latest template.

   For more information about template versioning, see the CI/CD documentation.

2. Add a dast stage to your GitLab CI/CD stages configuration.

3. Define the URL to be scanned by DAST by using one of these methods:

   • Set the DAST_WEBSITE CI/CD variable. If set, this value takes precedence.

   • Adding the URL in an environment_url.txt file at your project’s root is great for testing in dynamic environments. To run DAST against an application dynamically created during a GitLab CI/CD pipeline, write the application URL to an environment_url.txt file. DAST automatically reads the URL to find the scan target.

     You can see an example of this in our Auto DevOps CI YAML.

4. Set the DAST_BROWSER_SCAN CI/CD variable to "true".

For example:

stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy
  - dast

include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  variables:
    DAST_WEBSITE: "https://example.com"
    DAST_BROWSER_SCAN: "true"

Authentication

The browser-based analyzer can authenticate a user prior to a scan. See Authentication for configuration instructions.

Available CI/CD variables

These CI/CD variables are specific to the browser-based DAST analyzer. They can be used to customize the behavior of DAST to your requirements. For authentication CI/CD variables, see Authentication.

Managing scope

Scope controls what URLs DAST follows when crawling the target application. Properly managed scope minimizes scan run time while ensuring only the target application is checked for vulnerabilities.

Types of scope

There are three types of scope:

• in scope
• out of scope
• excluded from scope

In scope

DAST follows in-scope URLs and searches the DOM for subsequent actions to perform to continue the crawl. Recorded in-scope HTTP messages are passively checked for vulnerabilities and used to build attacks when running a full scan.

Out of scope

DAST follows out-of-scope URLs for non-document content types such as image, stylesheet, font, script, or AJAX request. Authentication aside, DAST does not follow out-of-scope URLs for full page loads, such as when clicking a link to an external website. Except for passive checks that search for information leaks, recorded HTTP messages for out-of-scope URLs are not checked for vulnerabilities.

Excluded from scope

DAST does not follow excluded-from-scope URLs. Except for passive checks that search for information leaks, recorded HTTP messages for excluded-from-scope URLs are not checked for vulnerabilities.

Scope works differently during authentication

Many target applications have an authentication process that depends on external websites, such as when using an identity access management provider for single sign on (SSO). To ensure that DAST can authenticate with these providers, DAST follows out-of-scope URLs for full page loads during authentication. DAST does not follow excluded-from-scope URLs.

How DAST blocks HTTP requests

DAST instructs the browser to make the HTTP request as usual when blocking a request due to scope rules. The request is subsequently intercepted and rejected with the reason BlockedByClient. This approach allows DAST to record the HTTP request while ensuring it never reaches the target server. Passive checks such as 200.1 use these recorded requests to verify information sent to external hosts.

How to configure scope

By default, URLs matching the host of the target application are considered in-scope. All other hosts are considered out-of-scope.

Scope is configured using the following variables:

• Use DAST_BROWSER_ALLOWED_HOSTS to add in-scope hosts.
• Use DAST_BROWSER_IGNORED_HOSTS to add to out-of-scope hosts.
• Use DAST_BROWSER_EXCLUDED_HOSTS to add to excluded-from-scope hosts.
• Use DAST_EXCLUDE_URLS to set specific URLs to be excluded-from-scope.

Rules:

• Excluding a host is given priority over ignoring a host, which is given priority over allowing a host.
• Configuring scope for a host does not configure scope for the subdomains of that host.
• Configuring scope for a host does not configure scope for all ports on that host.

The following could be a typical configuration:

include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  variables:
    DAST_WEBSITE: "https://my.site.com"                   # my.site.com URLs are considered in-scope by default
    DAST_BROWSER_ALLOWED_HOSTS: "api.site.com:8443"       # include the API as part of the scan
    DAST_BROWSER_IGNORED_HOSTS: "analytics.site.com"      # explicitly disregard analytics from the scan
    DAST_BROWSER_EXCLUDED_HOSTS: "ads.site.com"           # don't visit any URLs on the ads subdomain
    DAST_EXCLUDE_URLS: "https://my.site.com/user/logout"  # don't visit this URL

Vulnerability check migration

A migration is underway that changes the browser-based analyzer from using the proxy-based analyzer Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) active vulnerability checks, to using GitLab-built active vulnerability checks.

The browser-based analyzer continues to use a combination of proxy-based analyzer and GitLab-built vulnerability checks until the migration is complete. See browser-based vulnerability checks for details of which checks have been migrated.

Why browser-based scans produce different results to proxy-based scans

Browser-based and proxy-based scans do not produce the same results because they use a different set of vulnerability checks.

The browser-based analyzer does not have an equivalent for proxy-based checks that create too many false positives, are not worth running because modern browsers don’t allow the vulnerability to be exploited, or are no longer considered relevant. The browser-based analyzer includes checks that proxy-based analyzer does not.

Managing scan time

It is expected that running the browser-based crawler results in better coverage for many web applications, when compared to the standard GitLab DAST solution. This can come at a cost of increased scan time.

You can manage the trade-off between coverage and scan time with the following measures:

• Vertically scale the runner and use a higher number of browsers with the variable DAST_BROWSER_NUMBER_OF_BROWSERS. The default is 3.
• Limit the number of actions executed by the browser with the variable DAST_BROWSER_MAX_ACTIONS. The default is 10,000.
• Limit the page depth that the browser-based crawler checks coverage on with the variable DAST_BROWSER_MAX_DEPTH. The crawler uses a breadth-first search strategy, so pages with smaller depth are crawled first. The default is 10.
• Limit the time taken to crawl the target application with the variable DAST_BROWSER_CRAWL_TIMEOUT. The default is 24h. Scans continue with passive and active checks when the crawler times out.
• Build the crawl graph with the variable DAST_BROWSER_CRAWL_GRAPH to see what pages are being crawled.
• Prevent pages from being crawled using the variable DAST_EXCLUDE_URLS.
• Prevent elements being selected using the variable DAST_BROWSER_EXCLUDED_ELEMENTS. Use with caution, as defining this variable causes an extra lookup for each page crawled.
• If the target application has minimal or fast rendering, consider reducing the variable DAST_BROWSER_DOM_READY_AFTER_TIMEOUT to a smaller value. The default is 500ms.

Timeouts

Due to poor network conditions or heavy application load, the default timeouts may not be applicable to your application.

Browser-based scans offer the ability to adjust various timeouts to ensure it continues smoothly as it transitions from one page to the next. These values are configured using a Duration string, which allow you to configure durations with a prefix: m for minutes, s for seconds, and ms for milliseconds.

Navigations, or the act of loading a new page, usually require the most amount of time because they are loading multiple new resources such as JavaScript or CSS files. Depending on the size of these resources, or the speed at which they are returned, the default DAST_BROWSER_NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT may not be sufficient.

Stability timeouts, such as those configurable with DAST_BROWSER_NAVIGATION_STABILITY_TIMEOUT, DAST_BROWSER_STABILITY_TIMEOUT, and DAST_BROWSER_ACTION_STABILITY_TIMEOUT can also be configured. Stability timeouts determine when browser-based scans consider a page fully loaded. Browser-based scans consider a page loaded when:

1. The DOMContentLoaded event has fired.
2. There are no open or outstanding requests that are deemed important, such as JavaScript and CSS. Media files are usually deemed unimportant.

3. Depending on whether the browser executed a navigation, was forcibly transitioned, or action:

   • There are no new Document Object Model (DOM) modification events after the DAST_BROWSER_NAVIGATION_STABILITY_TIMEOUT, DAST_BROWSER_STABILITY_TIMEOUT, or DAST_BROWSER_ACTION_STABILITY_TIMEOUT durations.

After these events have occurred, browser-based scans consider the page loaded and ready, and attempt the next action.

If your application experiences latency or returns many navigation failures, consider adjusting the timeout values such as in this example:

include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  variables:
    DAST_WEBSITE: "https://my.site.com"
    DAST_BROWSER_NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT: "25s"
    DAST_BROWSER_ACTION_TIMEOUT: "10s"
    DAST_BROWSER_STABILITY_TIMEOUT: "15s"
    DAST_BROWSER_NAVIGATION_STABILITY_TIMEOUT: "15s"
    DAST_BROWSER_ACTION_STABILITY_TIMEOUT: "3s"

Troubleshooting

See troubleshooting for more information.