Downstream pipelines

A downstream pipeline is any GitLab CI/CD pipeline triggered by another pipeline. Downstream pipelines run independently and concurrently to the upstream pipeline that triggered them.

You can sometimes use parent-child pipelines and multi-project pipelines for similar purposes, but there are key differences.

Parent-child pipelines

A parent pipeline is a pipeline that triggers a downstream pipeline in the same project. The downstream pipeline is called a child pipeline.

Child pipelines:

  • Run under the same project, ref, and commit SHA as the parent pipeline.
  • Do not directly affect the overall status of the ref the pipeline runs against. For example, if a pipeline fails for the main branch, it’s common to say that “main is broken”. The status of child pipelines only affects the status of the ref if the child pipeline is triggered with strategy:depend.
  • Are automatically canceled if the pipeline is configured with interruptible when a new pipeline is created for the same ref.
  • Are not displayed in the project’s pipeline list. You can only view child pipelines on their parent pipeline’s details page.

Nested child pipelines

Version history

Parent and child pipelines have a maximum depth of two levels of child pipelines.

A parent pipeline can trigger many child pipelines, and these child pipelines can trigger their own child pipelines. You cannot trigger another level of child pipelines.

For an overview, see Nested Dynamic Pipelines.

Multi-project pipelines

A pipeline in one project can trigger downstream pipelines in another project, called multi-project pipelines. The user triggering the upstream pipeline must be able to start pipelines in the downstream project, otherwise the downstream pipeline fails to start.

Multi-project pipelines:

  • Are triggered from another project’s pipeline, but the upstream (triggering) pipeline does not have much control over the downstream (triggered) pipeline. However, it can choose the ref of the downstream pipeline, and pass CI/CD variables to it.
  • Affect the overall status of the ref of the project it runs in, but does not affect the status of the triggering pipeline’s ref, unless it was triggered with strategy:depend.
  • Are not automatically canceled in the downstream project when using interruptible if a new pipeline runs for the same ref in the upstream pipeline. They can be automatically canceled if a new pipeline is triggered for the same ref on the downstream project.
  • Are visible in the downstream project’s pipeline list.
  • Are independent, so there are no nesting limits.

For more information, see the Cross-project Pipeline Triggering and Visualization demo at GitLab@learn in the Continuous Integration section.

If you use a public project to trigger downstream pipelines in a private project, make sure there are no confidentiality problems. The upstream project’s pipelines page always displays:

  • The name of the downstream project.
  • The status of the pipeline.

Trigger a downstream pipeline from a job in the .gitlab-ci.yml file

Use the trigger keyword in your .gitlab-ci.yml file to create a job that triggers a downstream pipeline. This job is called a trigger job.

For example:

Parent-child pipeline
trigger_job:
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
Multi-project pipeline
trigger_job:
  trigger:
    project: project-group/my-downstream-project

After the trigger job starts, the initial status of the job is pending while GitLab attempts to create the downstream pipeline. The trigger job shows passed if the downstream pipeline is created successfully, otherwise it shows failed. Alternatively, you can set the trigger job to show the downstream pipeline’s status instead.

Use rules to control downstream pipeline jobs

Use CI/CD variables or the rules keyword to control job behavior in downstream pipelines.

When you trigger a downstream pipeline with the trigger keyword, the value of the $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE predefined variable for all jobs is:

  • pipeline for multi-project pipelines.
  • parent_pipeline for parent-child pipelines.

For example, to control jobs in multi-project pipelines in a project that also runs merge request pipelines:

job1:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "pipeline"
  script: echo "This job runs in multi-project pipelines only"

job2:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
  script: echo "This job runs in merge request pipelines only"

job3:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "pipeline"
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"
  script: echo "This job runs in both multi-project and merge request pipelines"

Use a child pipeline configuration file in a different project

Introduced in GitLab 13.5.

You can use include:project in a trigger job to trigger child pipelines with a configuration file in a different project:

microservice_a:
  trigger:
    include:
      - project: 'my-group/my-pipeline-library'
        ref: 'main'
        file: '/path/to/child-pipeline.yml'

Combine multiple child pipeline configuration files

You can include up to three configuration files when defining a child pipeline. The child pipeline’s configuration is composed of all configuration files merged together:

microservice_a:
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/microservice_a.yml
      - template: Security/SAST.gitlab-ci.yml
      - project: 'my-group/my-pipeline-library'
        ref: 'main'
        file: '/path/to/child-pipeline.yml'

Dynamic child pipelines

You can trigger a child pipeline from a YAML file generated in a job, instead of a static file saved in your project. This technique can be very powerful for generating pipelines targeting content that changed or to build a matrix of targets and architectures.

The artifact containing the generated YAML file must not be larger than 5 MB.

For an overview, see Create child pipelines using dynamically generated configurations.

For an example project that generates a dynamic child pipeline, see Dynamic Child Pipelines with Jsonnet. This project shows how to use a data templating language to generate your .gitlab-ci.yml at runtime. You can use a similar process for other templating languages like Dhall or ytt.

Trigger a dynamic child pipeline

To trigger a child pipeline from a dynamically generated configuration file:

  1. Generate the configuration file in a job and save it as an artifact:

    generate-config:
  stage: build
  script: generate-ci-config > generated-config.yml
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - generated-config.yml

  2. Configure the trigger job to run after the job that generated the configuration file. Set include: artifact to the generated artifact, and set include: job to the job that created the artifact:

    child-pipeline:
  stage: test
  trigger:
    include:
      - artifact: generated-config.yml
        job: generate-config

In this example, GitLab retrieves generated-config.yml and triggers a child pipeline with the CI/CD configuration in that file.

The artifact path is parsed by GitLab, not the runner, so the path must match the syntax for the OS running GitLab. If GitLab is running on Linux but using a Windows runner for testing, the path separator for the trigger job is /. Other CI/CD configuration for jobs that use the Windows runner, like scripts, use \.

Run child pipelines with merge request pipelines

Pipelines, including child pipelines, run as branch pipelines by default when not using rules or workflow:rules. To configure child pipelines to run when triggered from a merge request (parent) pipeline, use rules or workflow:rules. For example, using rules:

  1. Set the parent pipeline’s trigger job to run on merge requests:

    trigger-child-pipeline-job:
  trigger:
    include: path/to/child-pipeline-configuration.yml
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"

  2. Use rules to configure the child pipeline jobs to run when triggered by the parent pipeline:

    job1:
  script: echo "This child pipeline job runs any time the parent pipeline triggers it."
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "parent_pipeline"

job2:
  script: echo "This child pipeline job runs only when the parent pipeline is a merge request pipeline"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_ID

In child pipelines, $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE always has a value of parent_pipeline, so:

  • You can use if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "parent_pipeline" to ensure child pipeline jobs always run.
  • You can’t use if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event" to configure child pipeline jobs to run for merge request pipelines. Instead, use if: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_ID to set child pipeline jobs to run only when the parent pipeline is a merge request pipeline. The parent pipeline’s CI_MERGE_REQUEST_* predefined variables are passed to the child pipeline jobs.

Specify a branch for multi-project pipelines

You can specify the branch to use when triggering a multi-project pipeline. GitLab uses the commit on the head of the branch to create the downstream pipeline. For example:

staging:
  stage: deploy
  trigger:
    project: my/deployment
    branch: stable-11-2

Use:

  • The project keyword to specify the full path to the downstream project. In GitLab 15.3 and later, you can use variable expansion.
  • The branch keyword to specify the name of a branch or tag in the project specified by project. You can use variable expansion.

Trigger a multi-project pipeline by using the API

You can use the CI/CD job token (CI_JOB_TOKEN) with the pipeline trigger API endpoint to trigger multi-project pipelines from inside a CI/CD job. GitLab sets pipelines triggered with a job token as downstream pipelines of the pipeline that contains the job that made the API call.

For example:

trigger_pipeline:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - curl --request POST --form "token=$CI_JOB_TOKEN" --form ref=main "https://gitlab.example.com/api/v4/projects/9/trigger/pipeline"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG
  environment: production

View a downstream pipeline

Hover behavior for pipeline cards introduced in GitLab 13.2.

In the pipeline graph view, downstream pipelines display as a list of cards on the right of the graph. From this view, you can:

  • Select a trigger job to see the triggered downstream pipeline’s jobs.
  • Select Expand jobs on a pipeline card to expand the view with the downstream pipeline’s jobs. You can view one downstream pipeline at a time.
  • Hover over a pipeline card to have the job that triggered the downstream pipeline highlighted.

Retry failed and canceled jobs in a downstream pipeline

Version history

To retry failed and canceled jobs, select Retry ():

  • From the downstream pipeline’s details page.
  • On the pipeline’s card in the pipeline graph view.

Recreate a downstream pipeline

Version history
  • Retry trigger job from graph view introduced in GitLab 15.10 with a flag named ci_recreate_downstream_pipeline. Disabled by default.
  • Generally available in GitLab 15.11. Feature flag ci_recreate_downstream_pipeline removed.

You can recreate a downstream pipeline by retrying its corresponding trigger job. The newly created downstream pipeline replaces the current downstream pipeline in the pipeline graph.

To recreate a downstream pipeline:

  • Select Run again () on the trigger job’s card in the pipeline graph view.

Cancel a downstream pipeline

Version history

To cancel a downstream pipeline that is still running, select Cancel ():

  • From the downstream pipeline’s details page.
  • On the pipeline’s card in the pipeline graph view.

Mirror the status of a downstream pipeline in the trigger job

You can mirror the status of the downstream pipeline in the trigger job by using strategy: depend:

Parent-child pipeline
trigger_job:
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
    strategy: depend
Multi-project pipeline
trigger_job:
  trigger:
    project: my/project
    strategy: depend

View multi-project pipelines in pipeline graphs

After you trigger a multi-project pipeline, the downstream pipeline displays to the right of the pipeline graph.

In pipeline mini graphs, the downstream pipeline displays to the right of the mini graph.

Fetch artifacts from an upstream pipeline

Parent-child pipeline

Use needs:pipeline:job to fetch artifacts from an upstream pipeline:

  1. In the upstream pipeline, save the artifacts in a job with the artifacts keyword, then trigger the downstream pipeline with a trigger job:

    build_artifacts:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This is a test artifact!" >> artifact.txt
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - artifact.txt

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
  variables:
    PARENT_PIPELINE_ID: $CI_PIPELINE_ID

  2. Use needs:pipeline:job in a job in the downstream pipeline to fetch the artifacts.

    test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - cat artifact.txt
  needs:
    - pipeline: $PARENT_PIPELINE_ID
      job: build_artifacts

    Set job to the job in the upstream pipeline that created the artifacts.

Multi-project pipeline

Use needs:project to fetch artifacts from an upstream pipeline:

  1. In GitLab 15.9 and later, add the downstream project to the job token scope allowlist of the upstream project.

  2. In the upstream pipeline, save the artifacts in a job with the artifacts keyword, then trigger the downstream pipeline with a trigger job:

    build_artifacts:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This is a test artifact!" >> artifact.txt
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - artifact.txt

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  trigger: my/downstream_project   # Path to the project to trigger a pipeline in

  3. Use needs:project in a job in the downstream pipeline to fetch the artifacts.

    test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - cat artifact.txt
  needs:
    - project: my/upstream_project
      job: build_artifacts
      ref: main
      artifacts: true

    Set:

    • job to the job in the upstream pipeline that created the artifacts.
    • ref to the branch.
    • artifacts to true.

Fetch artifacts from an upstream merge request pipeline

When you use needs:project to pass artifacts to a downstream pipeline, the ref value is usually a branch name, like main or development.

For merge request pipelines, the ref value is in the form of refs/merge-requests/<id>/head, where id is the merge request ID. You can retrieve this ref with the CI_MERGE_REQUEST_REF_PATH CI/CD variable. Do not use a branch name as the ref with merge request pipelines, because the downstream pipeline attempts to fetch artifacts from the latest branch pipeline.

To fetch the artifacts from the upstream merge request pipeline instead of the branch pipeline, pass CI_MERGE_REQUEST_REF_PATH to the downstream pipeline using variable inheritance:

  1. In GitLab 15.9 and later, add the downstream project to the job token scope allowlist of the upstream project.
  2. In a job in the upstream pipeline, save the artifacts using the artifacts keyword.

  3. In the job that triggers the downstream pipeline, pass the $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_REF_PATH variable:

    build_artifacts:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'merge_request_event'
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "This is a test artifact!" >> artifact.txt
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - artifact.txt

upstream_job:
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'merge_request_event'
  variables:
    UPSTREAM_REF: $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_REF_PATH
  trigger:
    project: my/downstream_project
    branch: my-branch

  4. In a job in the downstream pipeline, fetch the artifacts from the upstream pipeline by using needs:project and the passed variable as the ref:

    test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - cat artifact.txt
  needs:
    - project: my/upstream_project
      job: build_artifacts
      ref: $UPSTREAM_REF
      artifacts: true

You can use this method to fetch artifacts from upstream merge request pipeline, but not from merge results pipelines.

Pass CI/CD variables to a downstream pipeline

You can pass CI/CD variables to a downstream pipeline with a few different methods, based on where the variable is created or defined.

Pass YAML-defined CI/CD variables

You can use the variables keyword to pass CI/CD variables to a downstream pipeline. These variables are “trigger variables” for variable precedence.

For example:

Parent-child pipeline
variables:
  VERSION: "1.0.0"

staging:
  variables:
    ENVIRONMENT: staging
  stage: deploy
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
Multi-project pipeline
variables:
  VERSION: "1.0.0"

staging:
  variables:
    ENVIRONMENT: staging
  stage: deploy
  trigger: my-group/my-deployment-project

The ENVIRONMENT variable is available in every job defined in the downstream pipeline.

The VERSION global variable is also available in the downstream pipeline, because all jobs in a pipeline, including trigger jobs, inherit global variables.

Prevent global variables from being passed

You can stop global CI/CD variables from reaching the downstream pipeline with inherit:variables:false.

For example:

Parent-child pipeline
variables:
  GLOBAL_VAR: value

trigger-job:
  inherit:
    variables: false
  variables:
    JOB_VAR: value
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
Multi-project pipeline
variables:
  GLOBAL_VAR: value

trigger-job:
  inherit:
    variables: false
  variables:
    JOB_VAR: value
  trigger: my-group/my-project

The GLOBAL_VAR variable is not available in the triggered pipeline, but JOB_VAR is available.

Pass a predefined variable

To pass information about the upstream pipeline using predefined CI/CD variables. use interpolation. Save the predefined variable as a new job variable in the trigger job, which is passed to the downstream pipeline. For example:

Parent-child pipeline
trigger-job:
  variables:
    PARENT_BRANCH: $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
  trigger:
    include:
      - local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
Multi-project pipeline
trigger-job:
  variables:
    UPSTREAM_BRANCH: $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
  trigger: my-group/my-project

The UPSTREAM_BRANCH variable, which contains the value of the upstream pipeline’s $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME predefined CI/CD variable, is available in the downstream pipeline.

Do not use this method to pass masked variables to a multi-project pipeline. The CI/CD masking configuration is not passed to the downstream pipeline and the variable could be unmasked in job logs in the downstream project.

You cannot use this method to forward job-level persisted variables to a downstream pipeline, as they are not available in trigger jobs.

Upstream pipelines take precedence over downstream ones. If there are two variables with the same name defined in both upstream and downstream projects, the ones defined in the upstream project take precedence.

Pass dotenv variables created in a job

You can pass variables to a downstream job with dotenv variable inheritance and needs:project. These variables are only available in the script of the job and can’t be used to configure it, for example with rules or artifact:paths.

For example, in a multi-project pipeline:

  1. Save the variables in a .env file.
  2. Save the .env file as a dotenv report.

  3. Trigger the downstream pipeline.

    build_vars:
  stage: build
  script:
    - echo "BUILD_VERSION=hello" >> build.env
  artifacts:
    reports:
      dotenv: build.env

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  trigger: my/downstream_project

  4. Set the test job in the downstream pipeline to inherit the variables from the build_vars job in the upstream project with needs. The test job inherits the variables in the dotenv report and it can access BUILD_VERSION in the script:

    test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - echo $BUILD_VERSION
  needs:
    - project: my/upstream_project
      job: build_vars
      ref: master
      artifacts: true

Control what type of variables to forward to downstream pipelines

Use the trigger:forward keyword to specify what type of variables to forward to the downstream pipeline. Forwarded variables are considered trigger variables, which have the highest precedence.

Downstream pipelines for deployments

Introduced in GitLab 16.4.

You can use the environment keyword with trigger. You might want to use environment from a trigger job if your deployment and application projects are separately managed.

deploy:
  trigger:
    project: project-group/my-downstream-project
  environment: production

A downstream pipeline can provision infrastructure, deploy to a designated environment, and return the deployment status to the upstream project.

You can view the environment and deployment from the upstream project.

Advanced example

This example configuration has the following behaviors:

  • The upstream project dynamically composes an environment name based on a branch name.
  • The upstream project passes the context of the deployment to the downstream project with UPSTREAM_* variables.

The .gitlab-ci.yml in an upstream project:

stages:
  - deploy
  - cleanup

.downstream-deployment-pipeline:
  variables:
    UPSTREAM_PROJECT_ID: $CI_PROJECT_ID
    UPSTREAM_ENVIRONMENT_NAME: $CI_ENVIRONMENT_NAME
    UPSTREAM_ENVIRONMENT_ACTION: $CI_ENVIRONMENT_ACTION
  trigger:
    project: project-group/deployment-project
    branch: main
    strategy: depend

deploy-review:
  stage: deploy
  extends: .downstream-deployment-pipeline
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    on_stop: stop-review

stop-review:
  stage: cleanup
  extends: .downstream-deployment-pipeline
  environment:
    name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    action: stop
  when: manual

The .gitlab-ci.yml in a downstream project:

deploy:
  script: echo "Deploy to ${UPSTREAM_ENVIRONMENT_NAME} for ${UPSTREAM_PROJECT_ID}"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "pipeline" && $UPSTREAM_ENVIRONMENT_ACTION == "start"

stop:
  script: echo "Stop ${UPSTREAM_ENVIRONMENT_NAME} for ${UPSTREAM_PROJECT_ID}"
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "pipeline" && $UPSTREAM_ENVIRONMENT_ACTION == "stop"

Troubleshooting

Trigger job fails and does not create multi-project pipeline

With multi-project pipelines, the trigger job fails and does not create the downstream pipeline if:

  • The downstream project is not found.
  • The user that creates the upstream pipeline does not have permission to create pipelines in the downstream project.
  • The downstream pipeline targets a protected branch and the user does not have permission to run pipelines against the protected branch. See pipeline security for protected branches for more information.

Job in child pipeline is not created when the pipeline runs

If the parent pipeline is a merge request pipeline, the child pipeline must use workflow:rules or rules to ensure the jobs run.

If no jobs in the child pipeline can run due to missing or incorrect rules configuration:

  • The child pipeline fails to start.
  • The parent pipeline’s trigger job fails with: downstream pipeline can not be created, Pipeline will not run for the selected trigger. The rules configuration prevented any jobs from being added to the pipeline.

Ref is ambiguous

You cannot trigger a multi-project pipeline with a tag when a branch exists with the same name. The downstream pipeline fails to create with the error: downstream pipeline can not be created, Ref is ambiguous.

Only trigger multi-project pipelines with tag names that do not match branch names.

403 Forbidden error when downloading a job artifact from an upstream pipeline

In GitLab 15.9 and later, CI/CD job tokens are scoped to the project that the pipeline executes under. Therefore, the job token in a downstream pipeline cannot be used to access an upstream project by default.

To resolve this, add the downstream project to the job token scope allowlist.