GitLab Runner commands

GitLab Runner contains a set of commands you use to register, manage, and run your builds.

You can check the list of commands by executing:

gitlab-runner --help

Append --help after a command to see its specific help page:

gitlab-runner <command> --help

Using environment variables

Most of the commands support environment variables as a method to pass the configuration to the command.

You can see the name of the environment variable when invoking --help for a specific command. For example, you can see below the help message for the run command:

gitlab-runner run --help

The output is similar to:

NAME:
   gitlab-runner run - run multi runner service

USAGE:
   gitlab-runner run [command options] [arguments...]

OPTIONS:
   -c, --config "/Users/ayufan/.gitlab-runner/config.toml"      Config file [$CONFIG_FILE]

Running in debug mode

Debug mode is especially useful when looking for the cause of some undefined behavior or error.

To run a command in debug mode, prepend the command with --debug:

gitlab-runner --debug <command>

Super-user permission

Commands that access the configuration of GitLab Runner behave differently when executed as super-user (root). The file location depends on the user executing the command.

When you execute gitlab-runner commands, you see the mode it is running in:

$ gitlab-runner run

INFO[0000] Starting multi-runner from /Users/ayufan/.gitlab-runner/config.toml ...  builds=0
WARN[0000] Running in user-mode.
WARN[0000] Use sudo for system-mode:
WARN[0000] $ sudo gitlab-runner...

You should use user-mode if you are sure this is the mode you want to work with. Otherwise, prefix your command with sudo:

$ sudo gitlab-runner run

INFO[0000] Starting multi-runner from /etc/gitlab-runner/config.toml ...  builds=0
INFO[0000] Running in system-mode.

In the case of Windows, you may need to run the command prompt as an administrator.

Configuration file

GitLab Runner configuration uses the TOML format.

You can find the file to be edited:

  1. On *nix systems when GitLab Runner is executed as super-user (root): /etc/gitlab-runner/config.toml
  2. On *nix systems when GitLab Runner is executed as non-root: ~/.gitlab-runner/config.toml
  3. On other systems: ./config.toml

Most of the commands accept an argument to specify a custom configuration file, so you can have a multiple different configurations on a single machine. To specify a custom configuration file, use the -c or --config flag, or use the CONFIG_FILE environment variable.

Signals

You can use system signals to interact with GitLab Runner. The following commands support the following signals:

CommandSignalAction
registerSIGINTCancel runner registration and delete if it was already registered.
run, exec, run-single SIGINT, SIGTERM Abort all running builds and exit as soon as possible. Use twice to exit now (forceful shutdown).
run, exec, run-single SIGQUITStop accepting a new builds. Exit as soon as currently running builds do finish (graceful shutdown).
runSIGHUPForce to reload configuration file.

For example, to force a reload of a runner’s configuration file, run:

sudo kill -SIGHUP <main_runner_pid>

For graceful shutdowns:

sudo kill -SIGQUIT <main_runner_pid>
caution
Do not use killall or pkill for graceful shutdowns if you are using shell or docker executors. This can cause improper handling of the signals due to subprocessess being killed as well. Use it only on the main process handling the jobs.

If your operating system is configured to automatically restart the service if it fails (which is the default on some platforms) it may automatically restart the runner if it’s shut down by the signals above.

Commands overview

You see the following if you run gitlab-runner without any arguments:

NAME:
   gitlab-runner - a GitLab Runner

USAGE:
   gitlab-runner [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]

VERSION:
   15.11.0 (436955cb)

AUTHOR:
   GitLab Inc. <support@gitlab.com>

COMMANDS:
   exec                  execute a build locally
   list                  List all configured runners
   run                   run multi runner service
   register              register a new runner
   reset-token           reset a runner's token
   install               install service
   uninstall             uninstall service
   start                 start service
   stop                  stop service
   restart               restart service
   status                get status of a service
   run-single            start single runner
   unregister            unregister specific runner
   verify                verify all registered runners
   artifacts-downloader  download and extract build artifacts (internal)
   artifacts-uploader    create and upload build artifacts (internal)
   cache-archiver        create and upload cache artifacts (internal)
   cache-extractor       download and extract cache artifacts (internal)
   cache-init            changed permissions for cache paths (internal)
   health-check          check health for a specific address
   read-logs             reads job logs from a file, used by kubernetes executor (internal)
   help, h               Shows a list of commands or help for one command

GLOBAL OPTIONS:
   --cpuprofile value           write cpu profile to file [$CPU_PROFILE]
   --debug                      debug mode [$RUNNER_DEBUG]
   --log-format value           Choose log format (options: runner, text, json) [$LOG_FORMAT]
   --log-level value, -l value  Log level (options: debug, info, warn, error, fatal, panic) [$LOG_LEVEL]
   --help, -h                   show help
   --version, -v                print the version

Below we explain what each command does in detail.

Use the following commands to register a new runner, or list and verify them if they are still registered.

These commands support the following arguments:

ParameterDefaultDescription
--configSee the configuration file section Specify a custom configuration file to be used

gitlab-runner register

This command registers your runner in GitLab by using the GitLab Runners API.

The registered runner is added to the configuration file. You can use multiple configurations in a single installation of GitLab Runner. Executing gitlab-runner register adds a new configuration entry. It doesn’t remove the previous ones.

There are two options to register a runner:

  • interactive.
  • non-interactive.
note
Runners can be registered directly by using the GitLab Runners API but configuration is not generated automatically.

Interactive registration

This command is usually used in interactive mode (default). You are asked multiple questions during a runner’s registration.

This question can be pre-filled by adding arguments when invoking the registration command:

gitlab-runner register --name my-runner --url "http://gitlab.example.com" --registration-token my-registration-token

Or by configuring the environment variable before the register command:

export CI_SERVER_URL=http://gitlab.example.com
export RUNNER_NAME=my-runner
export REGISTRATION_TOKEN=my-registration-token
gitlab-runner register

To check all possible arguments and environments execute:

gitlab-runner register --help

Non-interactive registration

It’s possible to use registration in non-interactive / unattended mode.

You can specify the arguments when invoking the registration command:

gitlab-runner register --non-interactive <other-arguments>

Or by configuring the environment variable before the register command:

<other-environment-variables>
export REGISTER_NON_INTERACTIVE=true
gitlab-runner register
note
Boolean parameters must be passed in the command line with --key={true|false}.

[[runners]] configuration template file

Introduced in GitLab Runner 12.2.

Additional options can be easily configured during runner registration using the configuration template file feature.

gitlab-runner list

This command lists all runners saved in the configuration file.

gitlab-runner verify

This command checks if the registered runners can connect to GitLab, but it doesn’t verify if the runners are being used by the GitLab Runner service. An example output is:

Verifying runner... is alive                        runner=fee9938e
Verifying runner... is alive                        runner=0db52b31
Verifying runner... is alive                        runner=826f687f
Verifying runner... is alive                        runner=32773c0f

To remove the old runners that have been removed from GitLab, execute the following command.

caution
This operation cannot be undone. It updates the configuration file, so make sure to have a backup of config.toml before executing it.
gitlab-runner verify --delete

gitlab-runner unregister

This command unregisters registered runners by using the GitLab Runners API.

It expects either:

  • A full URL and the runner’s token.
  • The runner’s name.

With the --all-runners option, it unregisters all the attached runners.

note
Runners can be unregistered directly by using the GitLab Runners API but configuration is not modified for the user.

To unregister a single runner, first get the runner’s details by executing gitlab-runner list:

test-runner     Executor=shell Token=t0k3n URL=http://gitlab.example.com

Then use this information to unregister it, using one of the following commands.

caution
This operation cannot be undone. It updates the configuration file, so make sure to have a backup of config.toml before executing it.

By URL and token 

gitlab-runner unregister --url "http://gitlab.example.com/" --token t0k3n

By name 

gitlab-runner unregister --name test-runner
note
If there is more than one runner with the given name, only the first one is removed.

All runners 

gitlab-runner unregister --all-runners

gitlab-runner reset-token

This command resets a runner’s token by using the GitLab Runners API, with either the runner ID or the current token.

It expects the runner’s name (or URL and ID), and an optional PAT if resetting by runner ID. The PAT and runner ID are intended to be used if the token has already expired.

With the --all-runners option, it resets all the attached runners’ tokens.

With runner’s current token 

gitlab-runner reset-token --name test-runner

With PAT and runner name 

gitlab-runner reset-token --name test-runner --pat PaT

With PAT, GitLab URL, and runner ID 

gitlab-runner reset-token --url "https://gitlab.example.com/" --id 12345 --pat PaT

All runners 

gitlab-runners reset-token --all-runners

The following commands allow you to manage the runner as a system or user service. Use them to install, uninstall, start, and stop the runner service.

All service related commands accept these arguments:

ParameterDefaultDescription
--servicegitlab-runnerSpecify custom service name
--configSee the configuration file Specify a custom configuration file to use

gitlab-runner install

This command installs GitLab Runner as a service. It accepts different sets of arguments depending on which system it’s run on.

When run on Windows or as super-user, it accepts the --user flag which allows you to drop privileges of builds run with the shell executor.

ParameterDefaultDescription
--servicegitlab-runnerSpecify service name to use
--configSee the configuration file Specify a custom configuration file to use
--syslog true (for non systemd systems)Specify if the service should integrate with system logging service
--working-directorythe current directorySpecify the root directory where all data is stored when builds are run with the shell executor
--userrootSpecify the user that executes the builds
--passwordnoneSpecify the password for the user that executes the builds

gitlab-runner uninstall

This command stops and uninstalls GitLab Runner from being run as an service.

gitlab-runner start

This command starts the GitLab Runner service.

gitlab-runner stop

This command stops the GitLab Runner service.

gitlab-runner restart

This command stops and then starts the GitLab Runner service.

gitlab-runner status

This command prints the status of the GitLab Runner service. The exit code is zero when the service is running and non-zero when the service is not running.

Multiple services

By specifying the --service flag, it is possible to have multiple GitLab Runner services installed, with multiple separate configurations.

This command allows to fetch and process builds from GitLab.

gitlab-runner run

This is main command that is executed when GitLab Runner is started as a service. It reads all defined runners from config.toml and tries to run all of them.

The command is executed and works until it receives a signal.

It accepts the following parameters.

ParameterDefaultDescription
--configSee configuration-file Specify a custom configuration file to be used
--working-directorythe current directorySpecify the root directory where all data is stored when builds run with the shell executor
--userthe current userSpecify the user that executes builds
--syslogfalseSend all logs to SysLog (Unix) or EventLog (Windows)
--listen-addressemptyAddress (<host>:<port>) on which the Prometheus metrics HTTP server should be listening

gitlab-runner run-single

This is a supplementary command that can be used to run only a single build from a single GitLab instance. It doesn’t use any configuration file and requires to pass all options either as parameters or environment variables. The GitLab URL and Runner token need to be specified too.

For example:

gitlab-runner run-single -u http://gitlab.example.com -t my-runner-token --executor docker --docker-image ruby:2.7

You can see all possible configuration options by using the --help flag:

gitlab-runner run-single --help

You can use the --max-builds option to control how many builds the runner executes before exiting. The default of 0 means that the runner has no build limit and jobs run forever.

You can also use the --wait-timeout option to control how long the runner waits for a job before exiting. The default of 0 means that the runner has no timeout and waits forever between jobs.

gitlab-runner exec (deprecated)

caution
This feature was deprecated in GitLab 15.7 and is planned for removal in 17.0. Pipeline syntax and validation simulation are available in the GitLab pipeline editor. This change is a breaking change.
note
Not all features of .gitlab-ci.yml are supported by exec. Please check what exactly is supported in the limitations of gitlab-runner exec section.

This command allows you to run builds locally, trying to replicate the CI environment as much as possible. It doesn’t need to connect to GitLab, instead it reads the local .gitlab-ci.yml and creates a new build environment in which all the build steps are executed.

This command is useful for fast checking and verifying .gitlab-ci.yml as well as debugging broken builds since everything is run locally.

When executing exec you need to specify the executor and the job name that is present in .gitlab-ci.yml. The command should be executed from the root directory of your Git repository that contains .gitlab-ci.yml.

gitlab-runner exec clones the current state of the local Git repository. Make sure you have committed any changes you want to test beforehand.

For example, the following command executes the job named tests locally using a shell executor:

gitlab-runner exec shell tests

To see a list of available executors, run:

gitlab-runner exec

To see a list of all available options for the shell executor, run:

gitlab-runner exec shell

If you want to use the docker executor with the exec command, use that in context of docker-machine shell or boot2docker shell. This is required to properly map your local directory to the directory inside the Docker container.

Other options are also available:

  • To view all possible configuration options, use --help:

    gitlab-runner exec --help
  • To specify the path of the CI/CD configuration file, if your project doesn’t use the default .gitlab-ci.yml, use --cicd-config-file.
  • To set the job execution timeout (in seconds), use --timeout. The default of 1800 means that the execution times out after 30 minutes.

Limitations of gitlab-runner exec

With the current implementation of exec, some of the features of GitLab CI/CD may not work or may work partially.

We’re currently thinking about how to replace current exec implementation, to make it fully compatible with all features. Please track the issue for more details.

Compatibility table - features based on .gitlab-ci.yml

The following features are supported. If a feature is not listed in this table, it is not supported.

GitLab CI featureAvailable with exec Comments
imageyesExtended configuration (name, entrypoint) are also supported.
servicesyesExtended configuration (name, alias, entrypoint, command) are also supported.
before_scriptyesSupports both global and job-level before_script.
after_scriptpartiallyGlobal after_script is not supported. Only job-level after_script; only commands are taken into consideration, when is hardcoded to always.
variablesyesSupports default (partially), global, and job-level variables. Default variables are pre-set as seen in the code.
cachepartiallyRegarding the specific configuration it may or may not work as expected.
YAML featuresyesAnchors (&), aliases (*), map merging (<<) are part of YAML specification and are handled by the parser.
pagespartiallyJob’s script is executed if explicitly asked, but it doesn’t affect pages state, which is managed by GitLab.

Compatibility table - features based on variables

GitLab CI featureAvailable with exec Comments
GIT_STRATEGYyes 
GIT_CHECKOUTyes 
GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGYyes 
GIT_SUBMODULE_PATHSyes 
GIT_SUBMODULE_UPDATE_FLAGSyes 
GIT_SUBMODULE_DEPTHyes 
GIT_SUBMODULE_FORCE_HTTPSyes 
GET_SOURCES_ATTEMPTSyes 
ARTIFACT_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTSnoArtifacts are not supported.
RESTORE_CACHE_ATTEMPTSyes 

Compatibility table - other features

GitLab CI featureAvailable with exec Comments
Secret Variablesno 
triggersno 
schedulesno 
job timeoutnoHardcoded to 1 hour.
[ci skip]no 

Other requirements and limitations

gitlab-runner exec docker can only be used when Docker is installed locally. This is needed because GitLab Runner is using host-bind volumes to access the Git sources.

Internal commands

GitLab Runner is distributed as a single binary and contains a few internal commands that are used during builds.

gitlab-runner artifacts-downloader

Download the artifacts archive from GitLab.

gitlab-runner artifacts-uploader

Upload the artifacts archive to GitLab.

gitlab-runner cache-archiver

Create a cache archive, store it locally or upload it to an external server.

gitlab-runner cache-extractor

Restore the cache archive from a locally or externally stored file.

Troubleshooting

Below are some common pitfalls.

Usually the service related commands require administrator privileges:

  • On Unix (Linux, macOS, FreeBSD) systems, prefix gitlab-runner with sudo
  • On Windows systems use the elevated command prompt. Run an Administrator command prompt. The simplest way is to write Command Prompt in the Windows search field, right click and select Run as administrator. You are asked to confirm that you want to execute the elevated command prompt.

/usr/lib/gitlab-runner: No such file or directory

The gitlab-runner executable was moved from /usr/lib/ to /usr/bin/ in GitLab 13.3. A symlink pointing /usr/lib/gitlab-runner to /usr/bin/gitlab-runner was added for backwards compatibility. In GitLab 14.0, the symlink was removed. To resolve the /usr/lib/gitlab-runner: No such file or directory error, you should do either of the following:

  • Call gitlab-runner directly (assuming /usr/bin is in your $PATH).
  • Call /usr/bin/gitlab-runner.

gitlab-runner stop doesn’t shut down gracefully

When a runner is installed on a host and runs local executors, it starts additional processes for some operations, like downloading or uploading artifacts, or handling cache. These processes are executed as gitlab-runner commands, which means that you can use pkill -QUIT gitlab-runner or killall QUIT gitlab-runner to kill them. When you kill them, the operations they are responsible for fail.

Here are two ways to prevent this:

  • Register the runner as a local service (like systemd) with SIGQUIT as the kill signal, and use gitlab-runner stop or systemctl stop gitlab-runner.service. Here is an example from the configuration of the shared runners on GitLab.com:

    ; /etc/systemd/system/gitlab-runner.service.d/kill.conf
[Service]
KillSignal=SIGQUIT
TimeoutStopSec=__REDACTED__

  • Manually kill the process with kill -SIGQUIT <pid>. You have to find the pid of the main gitlab-runner process. You can find this by looking at logs, as it’s displayed on startup:

    $ gitlab-runner run
Runtime platform                                    arch=amd64 os=linux pid=87858 revision=436955cb version=15.11.0